from: The revolution of everyday life ("Traite de savoir-vivre a l'usage des jeunes generations"), by Raoul Veneigem, 1965, Gallimard 1967. Translation by John Fullerton and Paul Sieveking, 1972. p.24-25.

The WATERSHED, refers here to the transitional period between the Powell Memorandum,PDF of 1971 (published online by Greenpeace), and the full commercialization of the internet in 1995. This period coincides with the beginning of what historians have called the Second Gilded Age; named after the first, from the 1870s to the 1890s, an age marked by laissez-faire capitalism, political corruption, and wealth inequality.

Central to this, in 1980, the IBM-Microsoft contract delivered the business template and consumer platform for corporatism to launch the SEMIOTIC revolution of the internet, recasting the relationships of individuals, to one another and to every type and scale of social organization, whether of education or commerce, health or finance, government or law.

A story requires an established lexicon to define its words, their application and culture. A paradigm is a lexicon of 'stories'. The one here concerns the origin of societies and individuals; its stories are about words and meaning; signs, language and culture; learning and development. It is multi-scalar.

The four core FRAMES that set it out coextend, like the layers of a map or matrices of television screens. Rather than presenting chapters of a story, each of them presents an elementary perspective which, when combined with the others, forms the whole.

From these general outlines, hyperlinks then allow the content of the site to be unfolded to more detailed texts that validate them; and folded back again as required.

multi-scalar

Learning and development are multi-scalar; characteristics common in some form to all BEINGS, from viruses to multicellular organisms and societies.

Through the lens of biosemiosis, the paradigm sets out the ONTOGENY of body-mind; the development of embodied cognition. Little, if anything, in it is new, it simply brings existing knowledge into an holistic evolutionary FRAME. However, encompassing both psychology and sociology, by implication it then involves parenting, care, education, medicine and psychiatry, as well as the interactions of these with the social COMPLEX of law, governance, and business.

Neither The Free Dictionary (the American Heritage, Collins, and Random House Kernerman Webster dictionaries), Britannica, nor Wikipedia, at the time of writing, carried any definition or general information on the term, multi-scalar. Yet despite this seemingly authoritative silence, the term, multi-scalar, is widely used.

What is meant by the term here is, as referred to in the Wikipedia article, Multiscale modeling or multiscale mathematics, dealing with problems that have important features at multiple scales of time and/or space, referring to the nature of the matter under observation rather than to its quantification.

Apart perhaps from its particular application of holism..

multi-scalar examples

Gender, Migration, and the Work of Care: A Multi-Scalar Approach to the Pacific Rim, edited by Sonya Michel, Professor Emerita of History, American Studies and Women's Studies at the University of Maryland, USA, and Ito Peng, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Global Social Policy in the Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Canada.

Towards a Multi-scalar Methodology: The Challenges of Studying Social Transformation and International Migration, Rebecca Williamson, University of Sydney, Australia.

Temperature-Mortality Relationships in Brazil: A Multi-Scalar Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model Framework Integrating Climatic, Urban, and Socioeconomic Dimensions, 2026, Alindomar Lacerda Silva, National Institute for Space Research, Scott Sheridan, ResearchGate.

Beyond ethnographic scriptocentrism: Modelling multi-scalar processes, networks, and relationships, Alain Mueller, 2016. Sage Journals.

Indigenous Peoples and Multiscalar Environmental Governance: The Opening and Closure of Participatory Spaces. 2022, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Almut Schilling-Vacaflor. Global Environmental Politics.

Relational Multiscalar Analysis: A Comparative Approach to Migrants within City-Making Processes, Ayse Caglar, & Nina Glick Schiller. Taylor and Francis, 2021.

The main interest in life and work is to become someone else that you were not in the beginning. If you knew when you began a book what you would say at the end, do you think that you would have the courage to write it?

paradigm - a model, or theoretical framework.

The meanings of words that are EMPHASIZED here are holistic, while those commonly inferred for them are ANTHROPOCENTRIC. They link to more detailed information when styled in red.

Links styled [orange] are internal and display notes; those that are [green] are internal but link to more substantial information. When [blue] links are external. These are opened in a new tab, protected by the attribute, rel="noopener noreferrer" .

Using the close button at the top of the new tabs opened by links here, whether external or internal, closes the tab and returns to the location in the document of the referring link.

Please note: Javascript is only used for internal navigation [and that the writing, vocabulary, and grammar, of the site is English (not American)].

Farlex, Inc, (also referred to as Farlex International) a privately owned company in the USA, and publisher of The Free Dictionay online, now markets the "The Farlex Grammar Book, Complete English Grammar Rules", which provides the headline to the entry in the Free Dictionary for "parenthesis" (retrieved 3 June 2026):

parenthesis are used to separate information that is not necessary to the structure or meaning of the surrounding text.

On the other hand, the entry on that page for The Collins English Dictionary, gives this as its English definition and use, and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language concurs:

a phrase, often explanatory or qualifying, inserted into a passage with which it is not grammatically connected, and marked off by brackets, dashes, etc.

Google appears to have dropped English(US) from Maps, favouring the simpler, English, instead. It seems unlikely this is "British English", but anyway, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, have their own languages.

It has often been remarked that "America and England are two peoples separated by a common language"; the 'false friendships' masking the need for mutual understanding. Conflating English with American further then is unhelpful; whereas, if America referred to its 'dialect' as American, rather than English, that would be. Perhaps America cannot do so because many Americans, for instance, speak Spanish. Even if true that seems to be either a lame excuse, political rhetoric, or social engineering.

The rel="noopener noreferrer" tag enhances security and privacy for referrals to sites.

The value noopener severs links between the page being left and the one the link directs to, preventing the injection of malicious code.

The value noreferrer hides the information about the referrer's location that would normally otherwise be sent to the new page.

As used here the meaning, of holism, is after that given in the Collins Dictionary, Concerned with and emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts, rather than with an analysis of the whole as separate parts.

A critique is not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. It is a matter of pointing out what kinds of assumptions, what kinds of familiar, unchallenged, unconsidered modes of thought, the practices that we accept rest on.

From: Tao Te Ching, 70, Lao Tzu, 300 BCE, translated by Stephen Addiss and Stanley Lombardo, 1993, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.

abduction.

The truth is that the whole fabric of our knowledge is one matted felt of pure hypothesis confirmed and refined by induction. Not the smallest advance can be made in knowledge, beyond the stage of vacant staring, without making an abduction at every step.

The journey that led to the paradigm on this site might be called one of ABDUCTION. Though some philosophers demur the process may be understood as the framework of both inductive and deductive reasoning, as well as of the 'insight' of life.

Inductive reasoning uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science.

The paradigm's four FRAMES may be said to reason inductively; FRAME B provides the predicate for FRAME C, both of these then making the argument for the conclusion that mirrored FRAMES D and E describe.

Descriptive (or discovery) science, which is usually inductive, aims to observe, explore, and discover, while hypothesis-based science, which is usually deductive, begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested. The boundary between these two forms of study is often blurred and most scientific endeavors combine both approaches.

Inductive reasoning might be said to address the probabilistic complexity of animate behaviour, and to be the foundation of science, while deductive reasoning, which is the foundation of mathematics, may be said to address the absolutes of theoretical and virtual reality.

The different relationships that inductive and deductive reasoning have with forecasting are used by some to distinguish between them; however, predictability is intrinsically limited so appealing to any such differences seems only to blur their distinction.

Looking out my window this lovely spring morning, I see an azalea in full bloom. No, no! I don't see that; though that is the only way I can describe what I see. That is a Proposition, a sentence, a fact; but what I perceive is not proposition, sentence, fact, but only an image, which I make intelligible in part by means of a statement of fact. This statement is abstract; but what I see is concrete. I perform an abduction when I so much as express in a sentence anything I see. The truth is that the whole fabric of our knowledge is one matted felt of pure hypothesis confirmed and refined by induction. Not the smallest advance can be made in knowledge beyond the stage of vacant staring, without making an abduction at every step.

"Philosophers as well as psychologists tend to agree that abduction is frequently employed in everyday reasoning." The difference between the definitions used by Pierce and those used by modernists appears to be that Pierce was referring to abstraction whereas modernists refer to cognition; the former relating to life generally, while the latter generally refers only to humans.

reasoning

The relationship between the three forms of reasoning can be seen as being their different focii on the cycle of the scientific method; OBSERVE, THEORIZE, TEST, repeat.

Inductive reasoning uses observation to arrive at conclusions that can then inform testing (OBSERVE, THEORIZE, TEST, repeat). Deductive reasoning takes theories and predicts their results (THEORIZE, TEST, OBSERVE), repeat). Elementary, abductive 'reasoning' converts sense data into abstractions that then guide action (OBSERVE, MODEL, ACT, repeat).

Quotation extracts taken from The Process of Science, and Scientific Reasoning, 1.2: The Science of Biology - Scientific Reasoning, by LibreTexts Biology.

Quotation from Inductive Logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

science

The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking.    Albert Einstein.

Science can essentially be represented as a learning loop comprised of three elementary stages that rely on reasoning to make sense:

A similar learning process⁠ partners selection to drive the evolution of life:

Science is an elementary practice; scientism is a belief. Eugenics, and the Holocaust it drove, are stark reminders of the dangers of not recognizing the distinction.

Fluency, is generally limited to describing dexterity of verbal expression; however FLUENCY here refers to EXPRESSION in general, and in particular to its aptness, in its environmental FRAME, for the communicative goals of the MEANING that informed it,.

biophysicality

The human mind is unable to conceive of the four dimensions, so how can it conceive of a God, before whom a thousand years and a thousand dimensions are as one?     Albert Einstein.

If it is unavoidable that descriptions of the ineffable are in some manner metaphorical, and anthropocentric concepts of the soul are set aside, BEINGS can be defined as 'vehicles' of life and LIFE inferred recursively.

BEINGS are BIOPHYSICAL EXPRESSIONS; the interpretations their ENDOSEMIOTIC systems generate in response to changes in their internal and external environments constructing their ONTOLOGICAL sensibility of self and other that organizes and animates them..

In order to exist, any psychological construct requires a BIOPHYSICAL correlate, and in order to survive, every BIOPHYSICAL construct requires a psychological correlate. In actuality, psychology refers to the BIOSEMIOTIC EXPRESSION of a BEING's ONTOLOGY.

wellness

The development of wellness and illness in an individual, is a function of the interaction between their BIOPHYSICAL actuality and their environment. This system as a whole then is impacted by the receipt or privation of care and support and medical or psychological interventions.

Research into cancer and other diseases has identified the existence and primacy of METABIOPHYSICAL systems, and the need to address them as a whole, but despite the work of the WHO the BROADCASTING systems of modern societies seem increasingly to discount 'holistic' systems and promote reductionist mechanical models.

BIOSEMIOSIS is recursive. It enables BEINGS to generate MEANING, by aligning their PERCEPTION of current SENSATION, with what they can RECOGNIZE from MEANING previously EMBODIED in themselves, either by themselves or through inheritance. ENDOSEMIOSIS and EXOSEMIOSIS then refer, respectively, to the RECOGNITION of EMBODIED and external NOUMENA.

BIOSEMIOSIS is recursive. It enables BEINGS to generate MEANING, by aligning their PERCEPTION of current SENSATION, with what they can RECOGNIZE from MEANING previously EMBODIED in themselves, either by themselves or through inheritance. ENDOSEMIOSIS and EXOSEMIOSIS then refer, respectively, to the RECOGNITION of EMBODIED and external NOUMENA.

MEANING, refers here to that which a BEING PERCEIVES of the EXPRESSIONS of NOUMENA. Developed and encoded through the FRAME of an individual's ONTOGENY, MEANING is inheritable.

Different FRAMES of MEANING inevitably arise, and BEINGS less able to recognize and reconcile these are at greater risk of being misinformed and deceived. For an individual, short term success is then insufficient to guide future actions. Locusts, for instance, enjoy success as individuals, but then find themselves unable to escape developing from this peaceful co-existence into the cannibalistic war of a swarm.

Inherited and learnt by experience, PERCEPTION is the RECOGNITION by a BEING of MEANING in what their senses can register, that then is incorporated into MEANING.

virtuality refers to abstractions of actuality that then pre-process EXPERIENCE.

A metatransition is a metasystem transition to EITHER a more complex OR a simpler structure, ultimately leading to a transitory OR a permanent evolutionary transition in individuality.

Here, metasystem refers to a general, rather than to a restricted, controlling or organizational system which maintains the homeostasis necessary for the functioning of a system and its subsystems.

functioning, disability and health

First drafted by the WHO in 1980, the International Classification of Functioning (the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health), is an holistic overview of wellness and illness. Despite its publication, and the fact that today biopsychosocial models are taught in medical schools, the significance and impact on social organization and its institutions of these models might appear to citizens to have been relatively minimal — perhaps because of the powerful lobbies that work to promote a fundamentalist belief in scientific reductionism.

After nine years of international revision efforts coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Health Assembly on May 22, 2001, approved the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and its abbreviation of "ICF." This classification was first created in 1980 ... by WHO to provide a unifying framework for classifying the consequences of disease. ... Functioning and disability are viewed as a complex interaction between the health condition of the individual and the contextual factors of the environment as well as personal factors. The picture produced by this combination of factors and dimensions is of "the person in his or her world." The classification treats these dimensions as interactive and dynamic rather than linear or static. It allows for an assessment of the degree of disability, although it is not a measurement instrument. It is applicable to all people, whatever their health condition. The language of the ICF is neutral as to etiology, placing the emphasis on function rather than condition or disease. It also is carefully designed to be relevant across cultures as well as age groups and genders, making it highly appropriate for heterogeneous populations.

I'd like people to reconceptualize cancer as a biological event that triggers stress responses affecting how the disease progresses... Managing those stress responses by adopting healthy eating and exercise habits, getting a good night's sleep, and finding good emotional and social support, should be regarded as much a part of cancer treatment as chemotherapy or radiation.

The article, from which the quote was taken, although accessible in 2024, has now been taken down by Stanford Medicine. The new article (at Stanford research builds link between sleep, cancer progression) still refers to Spiegal's work, but the expurgated quote there now, intentionally or otherwise, seems to downplay the research and to distance Stanford from Spiegal and the view he expressed.

It is as correct or incorrect to say that hormones create love as it is to say that love creates hormones. Love is not definable in the way that hormones are; they are terms in different reference frames.

signification

Aristotle and Plato both wrote about signs and symbols; signs in the world of nature and symbols in human culture. Today, symbols, such as numbers, letters, words etc., are considered a special type of sign, one that carries meaning through arbitrary conventions rather than by having any direct relation with what is signified.

The terms, semiosis and biosemiosis, as well as semiotics and semiology, are derived from the greek word, semio-, meaning sign. The ending -sis, the equivalent in English of -ing, translating semiosis literally then as sign-ing, sign-action, or signification.

BIOSEMIOSIS is the process by which a SIGN is RECOGNIZED, and anything, when recognized, is a SIGN of what is RECOGNIZED.

Semiosis is elementary, and despite the claims of eugenicists, it is incapable of founding racist ideologies.

In order to exist, any psychological construct requires a BIOPHYSICAL correlate, and in order to survive, every BIOPHYSICAL construct requires a psychological correlate. In actuality, psychology refers to the BIOSEMIOTIC EXPRESSION of a BEING's ONTOLOGY.

The development of a BEING is ONTOLOGENIC; both ontogenic and ONTOLOGICAL — their ontogeny the development of both their biophysical form and their sense of self and other.

It is not necessary to ask whether soul and body are one, just as it is not necessary to ask whether the wax and its shape are one, nor generally whether the matter of each thing and that of which it is the matter are one. For even if one and being are spoken of in several ways, what is properly so spoken of is the actuality.     Aristotle, De Anima ii 1, 412b6-9

Nazi scientists believed that a fixed, one-to-one relationship exists between the biological and emergent characteristics of individuals; however, emergent characteristics develop during ONTOLOGENY as a consequence of interactions with the environment. Even biophysical elements only give a probabilistic approximation of racial origin. Race, therefore, is not an absolute class of discrete individuals, but simply a category of convenience — as most, if not all, categories are.

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chaos

Chaos refers to the apparently random states of disorder and irregularity that are exhibited by complex, nonlinear, dynamical systems actually governed by interconnectedness, underlying patterns, and self-organization. While these systems are deterministic, their predictability is limited as it is impossible to completely know their actual state at any point in time and the smallest difference in this from what has been assessed leads to behaviours that diverge exponentially over time from that foecasted —a characteristic often referred to as the Butterfly Effect.

Noumenon, is a Greek word meaning "that which is perceived". It is the word Kant used to identify the thing-in-itself, the underlying reality that is then recognized by an observer as a SIGN.

NOUMENA may then function as SIGNS of themselves — as rocks, or holes, or hands, etc.; as qualities these are associated with — food, green, danger, etc.; or as things distinct from themselves — a woman: a mother; a sound: a river, a phoneme or "Mum!"; a mark: a word, or a symbol, like pi, or a photograph or a drawing of a pie or a pipe.

Kant referred to recognition of the thing-in-itself as perception; so PERCEPTION is used here to label one of four processes in BIOSEMIOSIS that are bootstrapped by RECOGNITION

Painting by Rene Magritte, Ceci n'est pas une pipe., 1929.

The entire sequence of events involved in the development of an individual BEING over its lifespan.

ontology [onto- an individual BEING, -logy an account, to tell or speak] refers here not to metaphysical philosophy but to the METABIOLOGY of a BEING — to that RECOGNITION of self and other, central to their survival. Ontological security and insecurity then define the spectrum of WELLNESS.

...ontological (is) the best adverbial or adjectival derivative of being... ontological security (is) the basic existential position from which [a BEING] encounters all the hazards of life from a centrally firm place of their own and other's reality and identity.

MEANING here refers not to the output or conclusion of a human mind or cognitive function, but to the motivation that is founded by LIFE and learning.

As little as a ball on a billiard table can move before receiving an impact, so little can a man get up from his chair before being drawn or driven by a motive. But then his getting up is as necessary and inevitable as the rolling of a ball after the impact.

And to expect that anyone will do something to which absolutely no interest impels them is the same as to expect that a piece of wood shall move toward me without being pulled by a string.

If experience is denied, our awareness of what we are is restricted, we are estranged from our actualities. We are in a state of ontological insecurity, unable to take our being in the world for granted.

Ontological security.. is the basic existential position from which a person encounters all the hazards of life, social, ethical, spiritual, biological, from a centrally firm place of his own and other people's reality and identity.

The term BEING, applies here to all forms of LIFE, whether multicellular (humans, ants, plants, etc.); unicellular (bacteria, archaea, algae, etc.); or the MODULAR societies of spcial amoeba, jellyfish, ants, humans, deer, etc.

being — defined recursively.

Life is the condition of being.

Being is the condition of BEINGS.

A BEING is a descendant of BEINGS.

I am a BEING.

Hydrozoa show great diversity of lifestyle; some species maintain the polyp form for their entire life and do not form medusae at all. Polyps of some species propagate vegetatively, forming colonies.. polymorphism occurs in colonies of some species of hydrozoans and anthozoans, the polyps being specialized for functions such as feeding, defense, and sexual reproduction.

Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 148-174; cited in Jellyfish, Taxonomy (list item: Staurozoa), Wikipedia..

Fautin, Daphne G. and Sandra L. Romano. 1997. Cnidaria. Sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, sea pens, hydra. Version 24 April 1997. http://tolweb.org/Cnidaria/2461/1997.04.24 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/.

Anthropic, etc, refer here to anthropocentrism, a narcissistic belief that the human species is the central fact and final aim of a universe that must therefore be understood in terms of human experience, needs, and values.

Human beings are spatially and temporally limited parts of the whole that we call "universe"; yet we experience ourselves and our feelings as separate from the rest, a kind of optical delusion of our consciousness. 

close

delusions and illusions

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Einstein spoke the refined German of the Bildungsbürgertum, a language characterized by its precision. It might the be reasonable to assume, as an inspection of Einstein's note also suggests, that his use of the word Täuschung (delusion) twice and Illusion once, was considered not careless.

 The German word Täuschung in the original note, meaning 'delusion' (JPG opens in a new tab).

Etymologically the word delusion implies an action, a deceiving, referring here to that suffered by human beings through our consciousness, through which we perceive a deceptive appearance, the illusion of being "separated from the rest".

Technically, delusion is a belief that, though false, has been surrendered to and accepted by the whole mind as a truth; illusion is an impression that, though false, is entertained on the recommendation of the senses or the imagination. Illusion (n.), developed in Church Latin from the late 14c. onwards to mean: a "deceptive appearance".

On delusion, and illusion; from the Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved: 4 October 2022.

science

The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking.    Albert Einstein.

Science is an elementary practice. Scientism is a belief. Eugenics and the Holocaust it drove are among the brutal consequences and stark reminders of not recognizing this distinction.

Hormone, from the Greek, hormon, meaning 'that which sets in motion'.

from the Greek, akrasia, meaning 'loss of free will'; acrasins are signalling molecules, providing the function that hormones have, for instance, in humans.

context is king

A FRAME refers here to a frame of reference, a reference frame, or category. They are LANGUAGES, meta-LANGUAGES, that by contextualizing and defining the SIGNS that they contain and refer to, give them their meaning.

CULTURES are environmental FRAMES, meta-LANGUAGES that aggregate a community's PERCEPTION and EXPRESSION. Reflecting the wisdom, fears, and strategies that have been learned and passed on, their histories of families, communities, and peoples, are histories of privilege and trauma as varied, intransigent, and challenging to unravel as those of any individual are.

The differences between CULTURES provide opportunities for learning and development, but contextualizing and defining the LANGUAGES that evolve with them, and informing the interpretation of those that have not, they also construct semantic FALSE-FRIENDS.

..a structure of concepts, values, customs, or views by means of which an individual or group perceives or evaluates data, communicates ideas, and regulates behavior.

This definition of the term, frames of reference, taken from the Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, aligns with the broader application of it here for FRAMES.

category mistakes

In the seventeenth century, Thomas Hobbes referred to the category errors that philosophers make. Three hundred years later, Gilbert Ryle coined the term category mistake, in The Concept Of Mind, illustrating it with several examples, one concerning a misunderstanding about universities.

A foreigner visiting Oxford or Cambridge for the first time is shown a number of colleges, libraries, playing fields, museums, scientific departments and administrative offices. He then asks "But where is the University? I have seen where the members of the Colleges live, where the Registrar works, where the scientists experiment and the rest. But I have not yet seen the University in which reside and work the members of your University." It has then to be explained to him that the University is not another collateral institution, some ulterior counterpart to the colleges, laboratories and offices which he has seen. The University is just the way in which all that he has already seen is organized. When they are seen and when their co-ordination is understood, the University has been seen. His mistake lay in his innocent assumption that it was correct to speak of Christ Church, the Bodleian Library, the Ashmolean Museum and the University, to speak, that is, as if "the University" stood for an extra member of the class of which these other units are members. He was mistakenly allocating the University to the same category as that to which the other institutions belong.

The philosophical error had also been identified, by professor Heinrich Hertz, in respect of physics.

Our confused wish finds expression in the confused question as to the nature of force and electricity. But the answer which we want is not really an answer to this question. It is not by finding out more and fresh relations and connections that it can be answered; but by removing the contradictions existing between those already known, and thus perhaps by reducing their number. When these painful contradictions are removed, the question as to the nature of force will not have been answered; but our minds, no longer vexed, will cease to ask illegitimate questions.

Meta-language — a language used to describe or contextualize another language.

The prefix "meta-" is used here as it is used in the term meta-language — a language used to describe or contextualize another language.

Language: a system of arbitrary signals, symbols or signs, used to communicate information.

to communicate: to convey information through a system of arbitrary signals.

Semantic: of or relating to meaning.

Meaning: the sense or reference of an EXPRESSION.

to recognize: to know something as the same as, or belonging to the same class as, something known before.

from the poem The Stare's Nest by My Window, published in Meditations In Time Of Civil War (1922-23), by William Butler Yeats — on the Irish Civil War.

corporatism

the organization of a state on a corporative basis. — Collins English Dictionary.

the principles, doctrine, or system of corporative organization of a political unit, as a city or state. [1885-90] corporatist. — Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary.

the control of a state or organization by large interest groups; "individualism is in danger of being swamped by a kind of corporatism" — TFD Thesaurus, Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection.

corporative

of a state organized into and governed by corporations of individuals involved in any given profession, industry, etc. — Collins English Dictionary.

of or relating to a government or political system in which the principal economic functions, such as banking, industry, labor, and government, are organized as corporate entities. — American Heritage Dictionary.

of or pertaining to a political system under which the principal economic functions, as banking, industry, and labor, are organized as corporate entities. — Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary.

The first Gilded Age, from the 1870s to 1890s, was named after Mark Twain's novel, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized the excesses and societal problems which had arisen from the laissez-faire capitalism, political corruption, and wealth inequality of the times. A second Gilded Age, named then for its resemblance to the first, is considered to have begun between the 1980s and 2010s and to have continued to the present day.

The narrative of a second Gilded Age erroneously suggests that the current dynamics are repeating those of the late nineteenth century. (But) these are profoundly different historical moments. ... the "before" and "after" to a lengthy period when the cruelest characteristics of corporate capitalism were temporarily constrained. The late nineteenth century saw the ascent of serious efforts to rein in the power of the new capitalism and force it to bow down to the needs of civil society. During the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, we are experiencing the decline of that effort as capitalists and their ideological and political supporters push to see how far they can go to ensure the unchallenged hegemony of corporate and property rights. The slow climb toward a more humane capitalism and the rapid descent away from it constitute two very different experiences.

The nature of the differences between the first and second Gilded Ages, was also examined in 2015 by historian Steve Fraser.

What fueled the resistance to the first Gilded Age, [argues Fraser), was the fact that many Americans had a recent memory of a different kind of economic system, whether in America or back in Europe. Many at the forefront of the resistance were actively fighting to protect a way of life, whether it was the family farm that was being lost to predatory creditors or small-scale artisanal businesses being wiped out by industrial capitalism. Having known something different from their grim present, they were capable of imagining — and fighting for — a radically better future. It is this imaginative capacity that is missing from our second Gilded Age.